Make Up Water In Cooling Tower -

| Parameter | Ideal Range | Why it matters | |-----------|-------------|----------------| | | 50–400 ppm (as CaCO₃) | Scale formation at high pH/temp | | Total alkalinity | < 400 ppm (as CaCO₃) | Decomposes to CO₂, lowers pH | | pH | 6.5–8.5 | Corrosion <6.5, scaling >8.5 | | Chlorides | < 500 ppm | Pitting corrosion (especially stainless steel) | | Silica | < 150 ppm | Hard, glass-like scale | | TSS | < 50 ppm | Fouling, sediment | | Iron | < 0.5 ppm | Staining, fouling | | Bacteria | No legionella or E. coli | Health risk (Legionnaires' disease) |

Controlled by cycles of concentration (COC). B = E / (COC – 1) If COC = 5, then B = 15 / (5-1) = 3.75 gpm

1. What is Make-Up Water? Make-up water is fresh water added to a cooling tower system to compensate for total water losses. Without it, the system would run dry, lose efficiency, and suffer severe damage. 2. Why is Make-Up Water Needed? Water leaves a cooling tower system in three primary ways: