Permafrost in Siberia has preserved mammoth soft tissues—muscle, skin, bone marrow, even flowing blood—for tens of thousands of years. Scientists have extracted “live” cells from these remains, and while no full genome has been cloned yet, the material is far from truly gone. When a creature’s cells can still be metabolically active in a lab dish, is that extinction? Or suspended animation?
Strictly speaking, the last true woolly mammoth ( Mammuthus primigenius ) likely died on Wrangel Island around 4,000 years ago. That’s the textbook answer. But extinction isn't always a clean, permanent cut—especially in the 21st century. mammoths are not extinct yet!
Even in their absence, mammoths aren’t gone. They shaped the steppe ecosystem for millions of years. Now, scientists argue that their "ghost" persists: rewilding projects in the Arctic (like Pleistocene Park) reintroduce bison, horses, and muskoxen to mimic mammoth grazing. When an ecosystem still responds to a missing keystone species as if it were present, has the mammoth truly vanished? Or suspended animation